The Fundamentals of Elementary Particle Physics

The concept of fundamental, indivisible particles goes back to the ancient Greeks (a concept known as atomism). In the 20th century, physicists began exploring the goings on at the smallest levels of matter, and among their most startling modern discoveries was the amount of different particles in the universe. Quantum physics predicts 18 types of elementary particles, and 16 have already been experimentally detected. Elementary particle physics aims to find the remaining particles. The Standard Model The Standard Model of particle physics, which classifies elementary particles into several groups, is at the core of modern physics. In this model, three of the four fundamental forces of physics are described, along with gauge bosons, the particles that mediate those forces. Although gravity isnt technically included in the Standard Model, theoretical physicists are working to extend the model to include and predict a quantum theory of gravity. If theres one thing that particle physicists seem to enjoy, its dividing up particles into groups. Elementary particles are the smallest constituents of matter and energy. As far as scientists can tell, they dont seem to be made from combinations of any smaller particles. Breaking Down Matter and Forces All elementary particles in physics are classified as either fermions or bosons. Quantum physics demonstrates that particles may have an intrinsic non-zero spin, or angular momentum, associated with them. A fermion (named after Enrico Fermi) is a particle with a half-integer spin, while a boson (named after Satyendra Nath Bose) is a particle with an whole number or integer spin. These spins result in different mathematical applications in particular situations. Simple mathematics of adding integers and half-integers shows the following: Combining an odd number of fermions results in a fermion because the total spin will still be a half-integer value.Combining an even number of fermions results in a boson because the total spin results in an integer value. Fermions Fermions have a particle spin equal to a half-integer value (-1/2, 1/2, 3/2, etc.). These particles make up the matter that we observe in our universe. The two basic constituents of matter are quarks and leptons. Both of these subatomic particles are fermions, so all bosons are created from an even combination of these particles. Quarks are the class of fermion that make up hadrons, such as protons and neutrons. Quarks are fundamental particles which interact through all four of the fundamental forces of physics: gravity, electromagnetism, weak interaction, and strong interaction. Quarks always exist in combination to form subatomic particles known as hadrons. There are six distinct types of quark: Bottom QuarkStrange QuarkDown QuarkTop QuarkCharm QuarkUp Quark Leptons are a type of fundamental particle that do not experience strong interaction. There are six lepton varieties: ElectronElectron NeutrinoMuonMuon NeutrinoTauTau Neutrino Each of the three flavors of lepton (electron, muon, and tau) is composed of a weak doublet, the aforementioned particle along with a virtually massless neutral particle called a neutrino. Thus, the electron lepton is the weak doublet of electron and electron-neutrino. Bosons Bosons have a particle spin equal to an integer (whole numbers like 1, 2, 3, and so on). These particles mediate the fundamental forces of physics under quantum field theories. PhotonW BosonZ BosonGluonHiggs BosonGraviton Composite Particles Hadrons are particles made up of multiple bound together quarks such that their spin is a half-integer value. Hadrons are divided into mesons (which are bosons) and baryons (which are fermions). MesonsBaryonsNucleonsHyperons: short-lived particles composed of strange quarks Molecules are complex structures composed of multiple atoms bonded together. The basic chemical building block of matter, atoms are composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons. Protons and neutrons are nucleons, the type of baryon which together form the composite particle that is the nucleus of an atom. The study of how atoms bond together to form various molecular structures is the foundation of modern chemistry. Particle Classification It can be hard to keep all the names straight in particle physics, so it might be helpful to think of the animal world, where such structured naming might be more familiar and intuitive. Humans are primates, mammals, and also vertebrates. Similarly, protons are nucleons, baryons, hadrons, and also fermions. The unfortunate difference is that the terms tend to sound similar to each other. Confusing bosons and baryons, for example, is far easier than confusing primates and invertebrates. The only way to really keep these different particle groups separate is to just carefully study them and try to be careful about which name is being used. Edited by Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D.

Canada Is Not The Post Racist Utopia - 1618 Words

Canada is often referred to as one of the most progressive countries in the world for a multitude of reasons: being the first country to constitutionally enshrine aboriginal and treaty rights, the steady escalation of interracial Canadian marriages, and committing to the official policy of Multiculturalism, which is entrenched in the 1982 Constitution Act and the Multicultural Act of 1988 (Fleras, 2017). However, Canada is not the post-racist utopia as it appears to be as that Canada is not necessarily the same Canada â€Å"experienced by the disenfranchised such as Aboriginal peoples, racialized minorities, and the newest Canadians† (Fleras, 2017, p.7). The reality of Canada’s seemingly pristine reputation is routinely glossed over with â€Å"polite fictions of tolerance, fairness, and generosity† (Fleras, 2017, p.6). That is, there is a discrepancy between the ideal – what Multiculturalism says it is doing in combating racism – and the real â€⠀œ what it is really doing in perpetuating a racialized and racist Canada (Fleras, 2014, p.246). In my essay, I will be unveiling three inconvenient truths and how they are masked. First, I will describe how Multiculturalism is merely a system that manages different ethnicities in a way that allows white privilege to prevail. Second, I will debunk the myth of Canada’s near-non-existent colonial legacy. Last, I will explain the myth of meritocracy and how it is reflected in a vertical mosaic. Only through a series of polite fictions that maskShow MoreRelatedIdentity And The Search For The Self Among The Sub Continental Diaspora10173 Words   |  41 PagesIt comes from the same Greek term â€Å"Sperma† and â€Å"sperein† which means â€Å"seed† and to â€Å"sow†(Oxford English Dictionary). In recent times, the experience of living in a diaspora and migrancy has accentuated many post colonial studies. The synonymous use of the terms ‘diaspora’, ‘migrant’, and ‘post colonial’ have been discussed and contested by theorists in the last decade. The theories of Diasporic identity are replete with complexities in it. Roger Brubaker, in â€Å"The ‘Diaspora’ Diaspora†, 2005 expressesRead MoreA Critical Review of â€Å"the Ambiguities of Football, Politics, Culture, and Social Transformation in Latin America† by Tamir Bar-on.14147 Words   |  57 Pages72 - 87). Consequently, the United States participated in the first two World Cups of 1930 and 1934 (semi-finalist). In the 1950 World Cup, the United States recorded a stunning 1-0 victory over England. Between 1968 and 1984, the United States and Canada hosted the popular North American Soccer League (NASL) fuelled by foreign stars like Pà ©là ©, Neeskens, Euse bio, and Beckenbauer. After a forty-year hiatus, the United States participated in both the 1990 and 1994 World Cups. This most recent AmericanRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagestraveled directly to other Southeast Asian destinations, especially Thailand, 16 †¢ CHAPTER 1 TABLE 1.1: LONG- DISTANCE GLOBAL MIGRATION, 1840– 1940 millions Out of Europe millions 60 United States 33 Argentina 6.5 Canada Brazil 5 4.5 Other Americas 3 Australia New Zealand 4 North Africa 3 Elsewhere 1 Russia to Siberia 13 Out of South China Malaya and Singapore 21–23 7 Dutch East Indies 4–5 Thailand 4.5 FrenchRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesSituations in Remarkably Similar Ways 185 A Special OD Case: The Learning Organization 199 Evaluating Training and Development Effectiveness 199 Evaluating Training 199 Performance-Based Evaluation Measures 200 Post-Training Performance Method 200 Pre-Post-Training Performance Method 201 Pre-Post-Training Performance with Control Group Method 201 International Training and Development Issues 201 Cross-Cultural Training 201 Development 202 Summary 203 Demonstrating Comprehension: Questions for Review

The Silver Linings Playbook Chapter 13 Free Essays

Do You Like Foreign Films? Cliff asks about Veronica’s dinner party in a way that lets me know my mother has already discussed it with him – probably in an effort to get me to wear the collared shirts she bought me at the Gap, which Mom loves and I do not love. As soon as I sit down in the brown recliner, Cliff broaches the subject, pinching his chin the way he does every time he asks me a question my mother has already answered. Even though I now recognize Cliff’s tell, I am excited to let him know he was right about wearing the shirt my brother had given me. We will write a custom essay sample on The Silver Linings Playbook Chapter 13 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Surprisingly, he does not want to talk about what clothes I wore; he wants to talk about Tiffany, and he keeps asking what I thought about her, how she made me feel, and if I enjoyed her company. At first I am polite and answer by saying that Tiffany was nice and well dressed and had a pretty good body, but Cliff keeps pushing for the truth like therapists do, because they all have some sort of psychic ability that allows them to see through your lies, and therefore they know you will eventually tire of the talking game and will offer up the truth. Finally I say, â€Å"Well, the thing is – and I don’t like saying this – but Tiffany is kind of slutty.† â€Å"What do you mean?† Cliff asks me. â€Å"I mean she’s sort of a whore.† Cliff sits forward a little. He looks surprised, and uncomfortable enough to make me feel uncomfortable. â€Å"On what do you base your observation? Did she dress provocatively?† â€Å"No. I told you already. She wore a nice dress. But as soon as we finished our dessert, she asked me to walk her home.† â€Å"What’s wrong with that?† â€Å"Nothing. But at the end of the walk she asked me to have sexual intercourse with her, and not in those words.† Cliff removes his fingers from his chin, sits back, and says, â€Å"Oh.† â€Å"I know. It shocked me too, especially because she knows I’m married.† â€Å"So did you?† â€Å"Did I what?† â€Å"Have sexual intercourse with Tiffany?† At first Cliff’s words don’t register, but when they do, I become angry. â€Å"No!† â€Å"Why not?† I cannot believe Cliff has actually asked me such a question, especially since he is a happily married man himself, but I dignify the inquiry with an answer anyway. â€Å"Because I love my wife! That’s why!† â€Å"That’s what I thought,† he says, which makes me feel a little better. He is only testing my morals, which is perfectly understandable, because people outside of mental institutions need to have good morals so that the world will continue to work without any major interruptions – and happy endings will flourish. Then I say, â€Å"I don’t even know why Tiffany would ask me to have sex with her anyway. I mean, I’m not even an attractive guy; she’s pretty and could do a lot better than me for sure. So I’m thinking now that maybe she’s a nymphomaniac. What do you think?† â€Å"I don’t know whether she is a nymphomaniac or not,† he says. â€Å"But I do know that sometimes people say and do what they think others want them to. Maybe Tiffany really did not want to have sex with you, but only offered something she thought you would find valuable, so you would value her.† I think about his explanation for a second and then say, â€Å"So you’re saying that Tiffany thought I wanted to have sex with her?† â€Å"Not necessarily.† He grabs his chin again. â€Å"Your mother told me you came home with makeup on your shirt. Do you mind if I ask how that happened?† Reluctantly, because I don’t like to gossip, I tell him about Tiffany’s wearing her wedding ring even after her husband died, and the hugging and the crying we did in front of her parents’ house. Cliff nods and says, â€Å"It seems like Tiffany really needs a friend, and that she thought having sex with you would make you want to be her friend. But tell me again how you handled the situation.† So I tell him exactly what led us to the hug and how I let her get makeup on my Hank Baskett jersey and – â€Å"Where did you get a Hank Baskett jersey?† he asks me. â€Å"I told you. My brother gave it to me.† â€Å"That’s what you wore to the dinner party?† â€Å"Yeah, just like you told me to.† He smiles and even chuckles, which surprises me. Then he adds, â€Å"What did your friends say?† â€Å"Ronnie said that Hank Baskett is the man.† â€Å"Hank Baskett is the man. I bet he catches at least seven touchdowns this season.† â€Å"Cliff, you’re an Eagles fan?† He does the Eagles chant – â€Å"E!-A!-G!-L!-E!-S! EAGLES!† – which makes me laugh because he is my therapist and I did not know therapists could like NFL football. â€Å"Well, now that I know you too bleed green, we’ll have to talk Birds off the clock,† Cliff says. â€Å"So you really let Tiffany cry her makeup onto your brand-new Hank Baskett jersey?† â€Å"Yeah, and it’s one with stitched-on numbers, not the cheap iron-ons.† â€Å"Authentic Hank Baskett jersey!† he says. â€Å"That was certainly very kind of you, Pat. It sounds like Tiffany only really needed a hug, which you gave her because you are a nice guy.† I can’t help smiling, because I really am trying hard to be a nice guy. â€Å"Yeah, I know, but now she’s always following me all over town.† â€Å"What do you mean?† So I tell Cliff that since the dinner party, whenever I put on a trash bag and leave my house for a run, Tiffany is always waiting outside in her little running outfit and pink headband. â€Å"Very politely, I told her that I do not like running with other people and asked her to leave me alone, but she ignored my request and simply jogged five feet behind me for my entire run. The next day, she did the same thing, and she keeps on doing it. Somehow she’s figured out my schedule, and she’s always there when I leave my house an hour before sunset – ready to shadow me wherever I jog. I run fast, and she stays with me. I run on dangerous streets, and she follows. She never tires out either – and just keeps running down the street when I finally stop in front of my house. She doesn’t even say hello or goodbye.† â€Å"Why don’t you want her to follow you?† Cliff asks. So I ask him how his wife, Sonja, would feel if some hot woman shadowed him every time he went for a run. He smiles the way guys do when they are alone and talking about women in a sexual way, and then he says, â€Å"So you think Tiffany is hot?† This surprises me because I did not know therapists were allowed to talk like guys do when they are buddies, and I wonder if this means that Cliff thinks of me as his buddy now. â€Å"Sure, she’s hot,† I say. â€Å"But I’m married.† He grabs his chin and says, â€Å"How long has it been since you’ve seen Nikki?† I tell him I don’t know. â€Å"Maybe a couple of months,† I say. â€Å"Do you really believe that?† he asks, grabbing his chin again. When I say I do, I hear the yelling in my voice and even allow the f-word to slip out. Immediately I feel bad because Cliff was talking to me like a friend, and sane people should not yell and curse at their buddies. â€Å"I’m sorry,† I say when Cliff starts to look scared. â€Å"It’s okay,† he says, and forces a smile. â€Å"I should believe that you really mean what you tell me.† He scratches his head for a second and then says, â€Å"My wife loves foreign films. Do you like foreign films?† â€Å"With subtitles?† â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"I hate those types of films.† â€Å"Me too,† Cliff says. â€Å"Mostly because – â€Å" â€Å"No happy endings.† â€Å"Exactly,† Cliff says, pointing a brown finger at my face. â€Å"So depressing most of the time.† I nod wholeheartedly in agreement, even though I haven’t been to see any movies for a long time, and won’t until Nikki returns, because I am now watching the movie of my life as I live it. â€Å"My wife used to beg me to take her to see these foreign films with subtitles all the time,† Cliff says. â€Å"It seemed like every day she would ask me if we might go to see a foreign film, until I broke down and started taking her. Every Wednesday night we’d go to the Ritz movie theater and see some depressing movie. And you know what?† â€Å"What?† â€Å"After a year we simply stopped going.† â€Å"Why?† â€Å"She stopped asking.† â€Å"Why?† â€Å"I don’t know. But maybe if you take an interest in Tiffany, ask her to run with you and maybe to go out to dinner a few times – maybe after a few weeks, she will grow tired of the chase and leave you alone. Let her get what she wants, and maybe she will not want it anymore. Understand?† I do understand, but cannot help asking, â€Å"Do you think that will really work?† And Cliff shrugs in a way that makes me believe it will. How to cite The Silver Linings Playbook Chapter 13, Essay examples

Elections Essay Research Paper When examining the free essay sample

Elections Essay, Research Paper When analyzing the campaigners for the 2000 Presidential election, it becomes really clear that the lone logical pick for President is Al Gore. Gore has many programs for his presidential term that will greatly better the manner our state works and tallies. First of all, Gore wishes to reform the manner in which elections are run, and effort to break up the omnipresent nexus between money and political influence, therefore supplying more just elections. Another program of Gore s is to put aside 400 billion dollars particularly for Medicare, and to do certain the money is non used for other intents, thereby bettering the lives of both the aged and the less fortunate. In order to break the lives of all citizens and supply for more safety, Gore besides wishes to shut the alleged gun show loophole that allows consumers to short-circuit the Brady Bill. Last, to better fit the kids of today for the universe of tomorrow, Gore intends to reform instruction by supplying preschool for all kids , and doing college tuition revenue enhancement deductible. We will write a custom essay sample on Elections Essay Research Paper When examining the or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The first of Al Gore s many alterations he has in shop for our state could perchance be the most of import 1. Gore seeks to alter the very manner we decide on and elect our functionaries who run the state, and he intends to make so in a manner that ensures a more just and equal election. What is the key to this electoral equilibrium? Money. For a long clip people and political analysts have noticed a certain tendency co-occuring with a campaigner s political influence and how much money he has at his disposal. Traditionally, the campaigners with more money acquire more exposure to the populace, acquire more high influence persons and bureaus endorsing them up, and hence stop up with more ballots than those campaigners with less hard currency. Severing this nexus between political relations and money would be a fantastic alteration for our state. One of the chief ways in which Gore intends to increase equality among presidential campaigners is to censor soft money. Soft money is money contributed to a campaigner by companies or persons in order to hike their run. In topographic point of this money, Gore intends to set up a tax-exempt foundation to fund runs, thereby providing each campaigner with the same sum of money to run with as he/she pleases. This fund will accept tax-deductible contributions from companies and persons, and so give each candidate their equal portion. It is estimated that this foundation, called the Democracy Endowment, will raise 7.1 billion dollars within a seven twelvemonth period, while merely enduring a loss of 2.1 billion in revenue enhancements. This equal-endowment program will even the playing field for the campaigners, and give each an equal chance to run. In add-on to be run support, Gore supports the thought of leting each campaigner an equal sum of free air clip on telecasting to run with. This, excessively, will give each campaigner an equal opportunity to be heard, independent of how much money he/she has. These proposals, am ong his others, will assist to break up the nexus between money and political influence, change the manner elections are run, and supply for more just elections. Another major job that plagues 1000000s of Americans today is the issue if Medicare. Medicare is the authorities wellness insurance plan for the aged, and provides attention for approximately 40 million seniors yearly. In recent old ages, much attending has been called to this plan sing its coverage. The general sense is that Medicare is non adequately sing its seniors. One cause O degree Fahrenheit this diminution in coverage is the money allotted to Medicare. Many times, when other undertakings start to run over their budget, the politicians dip into the cooky jar, and take little sums here and at that place from the Medicare hoard, go forthing our seniors with less than equal medical coverage. Gore wants this to halt. His program that he wishes to implement sets aside 400 billion dollars purely for Medicare, and ensures that this money can non be used for other intents. This will intend guaranteed betterment of the medical interventions and attending those covered will have. In add-on to the 400 billion dollars, Gore has programs for a 253 billion dollar, 10 twelvemonth plan to add a prescription drug benefit to farther assistance Medicare users. These plans will decidedly better the life conditions of what is fast going the largest per centum of the American population. Gore does non halt at bettering populating conditions for the aged. He recognizes many ways of raising the quality of life for all US citizens, one of them being in the country of safety. In an attempt to do our state a safer topographic point to populate, Gore intends to shut the so called gun show loophole that basically allows consumers to purchase miscellaneous arms and pistols without waiting periods or background cheques, wholly short-circuiting the Brady Bill. A study released by the Justice Department found that criminals illicitly bought arms at gun shows in 46 per centum of the 314 instances it studied, and the arms used in the 1999 shot at Columbine High School in Colorado were purchased at a gun show in Denver. Shutting this loophole would intend fewer arms in the custodies of people who shouldn Ts have them, and hence safer topographic points to populate everyplace. It would be foolish non to ordain this alteration, hence doing it foolish non to vote for Gore. The last cardinal issue on which Gore has many great thoughts has more impact on the hereafter than any of his other programs. This issue deals with instruction. Over the last 20 old ages, disbursement on instruction has risen 62 per centum, yet we have experienced a 7 per centum diminution in registration. Surveies have shown that giving kids a good educational start in the beginning is an first-class manner to help their hereafter in the instruction section. That is exactly why Gore wants to supply preschool to all kids. Giving them a solid start in their earliest old ages instills the basic rules of behaviour and larning accomplishments necessary to be successful in the instruction system. But, of class, larning accomplishments can merely acquire you so far one time you reach the college degree. All excessively frequently, bright immature pupils do non acquire to go to college due to a deficiency of sufficient financess. This is a lending factor to the trouble of interrupting the concatenation of poorness. Gore recognizes this, and programs to do college tuition revenue enhancement deductible. This will soften the blow of tuition cheque on the lower category households, and let a greater assortment of pupils from all kinds of backgrounds to further enrich their heads. By making this, the hereafter of our state will lighten up enormously, as we will hold a battalion of new, superb heads at work everyday. Education genuinely is an investing in the hereafter, and Gore knows how to guarantee profitable returns. By analyzing these cardinal points in Gore s programs for the state, It is obvious that he has the public assistance of all citizens on his head, and that his programs would efficaciously better the manner our state runs. With that in head, Gore seems to be the lone logical pick for President of the United States.

Underneath Acoustic by Hanson free essay sample

Where has Hanson been? After storming the world in 1997 with their respective blond towheads and following up MMMBop in 2000 with another Def Jam Island record, This Time Around, they dropped off the planet, nowhere to be found†¦ unless you happened to be driving through Tulsa; where they’ve spent the past four years orchestrating their escape from Def Jam Island and their subsequent comeback record. Hanson’s roots lie in live performance, which they practiced independently all the way back to 1992, when drummer Zac was barely old enough to write his name in crayon. Now they’ve returned to those roots with Underneath Acoustic Live, the DVD accompaniment to the album of the same name, on which the only performance credits belong to Hanson. And it may be their best release yet. It competes effortlessly with other 2004 releases from similar live artists, rivaling Five for Fighting’s The Battle of Everything in terms of quality, and surpassing Jesse McCa rtney’s bubblegum pop Beautiful Soul in terms of pure listening ease. We will write a custom essay sample on Underneath Acoustic by Hanson or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The live album’s quality is apparent from the very first seconds, when the video direction takes us overheard the stage and behind Isaac, Zac and Taylor as they take their respective seats on the darkened stage. Taylor greets the audience in crisp definition, and we quickly learn that the audio quality is just as good as the video Isaac opens with the progression to â€Å"Strong Enough to Break† and it’s never sounded better. The performances are as intimate as the video quality is good. Hanson has apparently spent their four years off doing nothing but performing in their Tulsa, Oklahoma studio, and are close to flawless; it takes a dedicated Hanson fan, or at least one very familiar with their recordings, to tell the difference between the Underneath studio tracks and the Underneath Live ones. Many of the performances run into another with scarcely a break or a word in between, but some of them are preceded by stories and laughter, and those are some of the best performances on the album. â€Å"River† is one of them; Isaac tells us about writing it for their first independent album when he was barely twelve years old, Taylor barely nine, and Zac just six years old; and when they follow by performing it, you’d never know they hadn’t played the song in over ten years. â€Å"With You In Your Dreams† is another one; Taylor correctly deduces that the audience would know this one (it’s from their breakout 1997 album Middle of Nowhere) and asks them to finish a line. He sings â€Å"And though my flesh is gone†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and is ruefully amused when the audience screams like a bunch of hormonal girls instead of singing the answering harmony. Isaac adds, â€Å"You can do better than that. It’s simple, it requires no real articulation†, and Zac doesn’t bother doing anything but laugh at them. Each brother also takes the time to play one of their own compositions solo. (While Hanson cred its all their writing to themselves as a band, usually each song was written chiefly by one brother.) Isaac introduces a song from 2000’s This Time Around by experimentally strumming a chord. When the audience obviously recognizes it as â€Å"Hand in Hand†, he seems cheered, and explains (perhaps a little too happily) that he wrote it about an old girlfriend that cheated on him, â€Å"but it’s okay: I got her back!† The look on his face when the audience reacts is almost more priceless than the song itself, but he follows up with a great bare-bones rendition. Zac’s three minutes are a little disappointing after this, as he picks out â€Å"The Walk† on a piano he’s obviously unfamiliar with as a sole percussionist, his vocals are distracted and a few times he slows or speeds the rhythm without seeming to notice; it might be the only disappointing track on the live album. Taylor soon makes up for it; the piano playing on â€Å"Crazy Be autiful† is almost exquisite in its simplicity and sounds better than it ever will on the studio album; without the distraction of production effects or background vocals, we’re captured by its quick and flighty melody and seduced by Taylor’s anguished vocals. After spending two hours with them on Underneath Acoustic Live, it’s hard to believe that these men are the same little blonde boys that first rocked the world and then drove it crazy when the radio just wouldn’t quit playing â€Å"MMMBop†. They’ve grown into talented musicians who know how to take a hook and turn it into something beautiful, and they can strip down a performance to its most naked elements and keep it worth listening to. They obviously know how to hire producers too; the sound quality is as good as any live album and better than some. Here’s hope for more of the same, guys.

The Hidden Truth About Essay Writing Services

The Hidden Truth About Essay Writing Services The Hidden Truth About Essay Writing Services: What Most of Them Dont Want You to Know There are dozens of academic paper writing services on the internet at any given time. Every single one of them promises college students that they will provide them with essays, research papers, and other documents that are guaranteed to help them earn the high grades they want. The majority of these services count on a few things: Students are broke and always looking for cheapest price. Desperation over writing assignments leads to making desperate decisions. Many students will not research the claims that they make. If a writing service develops a bad reputation, they can simply close up shop and open up again under a new name. That's right! These writing services see students just like yourself as lazy, cheap, and incapable of taking a logical approach when it comes to dealing with your workload. Keep reading, if you can stomach it, to learn more about the rip-off tactics these companies use. It All Starts With Rock Bottom Pricing Essays at Pennies Per Page! Dissertations for $100 dollars! Research Papers Completed in Under an Hour – Only $25 dollars! The people in charge of marketing and advertising for these services advertise these prices because they want to attract people with extremely cheap prices. What they do not count on is that smart students might be skeptical when they see these offers. For example, how does a company survive if they only charge pennies per page to write an essay? Let's break this down. In order to deliver an original essay to a customer that is guaranteed to be acceptable to a college instructor, there are several costs that must be considered. These include: Paying the Writer Paying for Overhead and Marketing Paying for quality assurance and editing Considering that each page of an essay is likely to take at least 15 minutes to write, is it realistic to assume that this is a a realistic offer? Of course it isn't. Now, the real question, how do these writing services offer these papers at such low prices, and how do they guarantee that these papers can be written so quickly? The essays and research papers are not original. Writing services that make these rock bottom pricing claims, or who offer papers within an unrealistic period of time simply resell the same papers over and over again. What to Expect From Reputable Essay Writing Services Good essay writing services will offer discounts, but their pricing will take into consideration the following things: Writers will be college graduates and be paid a fair wage All work will original and custom written No impossible claims will be made about the amount of time that it will take to complete an essay or research paper. Here is a good rule of thumb. If you are paying less than ten dollars per page for a research paper or essay, you should be suspicious. The writing service that you are using is taking shortcuts somewhere, and those shortcuts could destroy   your academic career. How to Research Writing Services First and foremost, never do business with a writing service that makes the outrageous claims mentioned above. However, in addition to this, there are other steps that you can take to insure that you are dealing with reputable company... Make sure their website is well designed and that all links work Read customer review and commentary Ask about originality guarantees Read the blogs and other posts Of course, the best method of determining whether or not a writing service is okay, is to simply contact their customer service or sales agents to see what they have to say. If the information they provide is realistic and reliable, there is a good chance that the company behind the website is also above board.

The Peasant Revolt And The Fall Of The Mayan Civilization Essay

The Peasant Revolt And The Fall Of The Mayan Civilization - Essay Example The high level of interaction and the diffusion of culture were in the region and this explains why the Maya civilization had many features in common with the other Mesoamerican civilization. Epigraphy, writing, and calendar did not originate in Maya; however, these advances were highly developed by them. There is evidence of Maya influence from Belize, El Salvador, central Mexico, Guatemala, and Honduras. The many of outside influences are evident in the Maya art and architecture that are believed to be because of the trade with other people and cultural exchange. The people of Maya never vanished with the decline during the classical period or Spanish colonization (Maloy 39). Today, the Maya people are still existing maintaining a set of traditions and beliefs. The Maya civilization geographically extended to the present day southern Mexico States of Tabasco, Chiapas, the Yucatan states of Quintana Roo, northern Central America, Campeche present-day Guatemala, Honduras, and Belize. There are still arguments on when the Maya civilization began the archeological discoveries of the occupation of Maya at Belize and Cuello. Sedentary communities characterized the early Maya community in that the Mayan people had skills in pottery and fired clay figurines. The early sites in Maya include Chocola and Izapa who produced cocoa at around 600 BC. The Maya first wrote hieroglyphics inscriptions were dated 250 BC. Unfortunately around the 100AD, there was an abandonment of Maya sites due to the widespread decline which was known as the pre-classic collapse and it marked the end of the Mayan civilization (Perl 110-112). Between 250 AD and 900AD, these classic periods were characterized by the large-scale construction, record of the monumental inscription, urbanism, intellectual artistic development, particularly in the southern region.

Ecological Debt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ecological Debt - Essay Example Knowing the definition of ecological debt, I've learned three important things that have opened my mind. First, the major cause of ecological debt comes from the excessive, if not abusive use of natural resources. Industrialized countries are the ones running up an ecological debt by too much consumption of resources from marine, land, forests, oil, etc. coming from the Third World countries. Second, the advantages in the economy of developed countries are causing disadvantages to the countries in the South by inconsiderable exportation of products - both raw materials and prepared goods, and even human services/workforce in very low price range. Between the supplier and the consumer, they take advantage of the monetary aspect, thus ending up exploiting the environment. Furthermore, The World Revolution (n. d.) says, "According to United Nations figures, 20% of the population of the world, the majority who live in the North, consume 80% of the planet's natural resources." Third, beca use of this imbalance, we are now suffering from the effects we have caused to the Earth.

Global Business Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Global Business Strategy - Essay Example The mission statements as well as the corporate values are an important aspect for developing strategies for companies. Strategies are developed with the objectives of attaining goals as well as to generate profits for companies. The mission statement of companies depicts the current or present businesses purpose and scope. The mission statement depicts â€Å"who we are, what we do, and why we are here† about companies (The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2011). Values of companies are the beliefs, traits as well as behavioural norms which are to be abided by and followed by every personnel involved with the companies. The companies’ personnel are required to perform or conduct every business activity and accomplish mission as well as strategic visions of the companies. The invaluable personnel are required to be provided fair treatment, dignity, integrity as well as with ethical behaviour. The mission statements and the corporate values are important for accomplishing objective s or goals of companies in an efficient manner. The main purpose of mission statements as well as company values is to communicate the goals or objectives as well as core values of activities which are to be performed. Mission statements as well as corporate values assist in improving performance of a company (The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2011). ... The top management of companies is required to recognise the present position and determine the future prospect of the companies. Formulating as well as implementing appropriate corporate strategies is a significant factor for successful performance of companies. A mission statement differentiates one company from the other identical companies with respect to the purpose as well as scope of conducting business activities (University of Houston-Victoria, n.d.). Mission statement of a company depicts about the purposes as well as needs along with well-being of people that a company serves. It assists people as well as businesses worldwide to understand their full capabilities. Moreover, it promises shareholders for providing a satisfactory as well as a fair return to shareholders. The mission of a company is the first considering factor for devising strategies which will assist a company to perform its activities in an enhanced manner (Kusiak, 2011). Seker stated that mission statement of a company should be prepared before the strategic planning process as the mission statement provides the functions as well as the products or services which are to be offered to the people. All companies are required to have a clear and good mission statement for detailing their purposes and mission of companies are communicated through mission statement. Moreover, the mission statement of a company brings out the significant features as well as principles which are required for formulating strategic plans. Strategies are formulated first in accordance with the mission statement and then with specific objectives or goals which are required to be achieved for successful performance of a company (Seker, 2011). Strategies

Economical And Political Situation In Russia Politics Essay

Economical And Political Situation In Russia Politics Essay The purpose of this paper is to investigate and to shed light on the nature of the relationship between big business and the state in contemporary Russia. It is commonly assumed that a relatively small number of Russian industrial tycoons, or oligarchs, control a substantial share of Russias economy and have the capacity to determine policy in the areas that are fundamental to the running of the country. I propose to challenge these assumptions and to argue that between 1996 and 2003 economic power blocks in Russia could never aspire to become the ruling class, as well as to enjoy access to the development of state policy. In contemporary Russia the leading entrepreneurs are no longer in the position to make significant claims on the political power using their economic resources. Fortescue argues that the use of the term oligarch is questionable because as an economic power block they never managed to actually run the country and that their policy role even in the economic sphere wa s minor. This paper argues that the oligarchs took advantage of, rather than created, the big business strategy of mass privatization and shares-for-credit scheme. I therefore prefer, when dealing with the subject, to speak of industrial tycoons, economic power blocks or big businesses. The relationship between Russian business and the state swung between two extremes. Under the conditions of a weak state in the early to late 1990s there was a high degree of state capture by Russian business. State capture or privatization of the state is best understood in terms of economic resources being used to influence the policy making process of federal and regional authorities to the benefit of the economic and political agents involved in these collusive agreements. State capture denotes a situation where a narrow set of interests, such as a firm, uses corruption or relies on informal agreements to shape the political and legal environment to its own advantage. This paper explores how the strategy of close integration with the state paved the way for the regional and federal authorities to gradually shift, relationship wise, from state capture to informal submission of private business to the state. In raising critical questions and relying on empirical evidence I attempt to draw a clear picture of the policies pursued by the Kremlin administration to establish an effective political mechanism to control and benefit from the economic performance of the industrial tycoons. I assess the risks taken by Putin in launching a frontal attack on the selected oligarchs and determine whether Putin has been successful in creating a new political order that aims at using economic power blocks as a tool of effective state politics. The first chapter analyzes the state-business relations in the mid-late 1990s. I look at the privatization of the state and the nature of collusive agreements between leading economic and political power blocks. The second chapter looks at the consolidation of the state and its changing relationship with the big business community. I look at the way the nature of individual relations with political power was re-assessed and how the consolidation of power contributed to big businesses falling under the command of state bureaucratic interests. This chapter demonstrates how the changing relationship, attributed to the consolidation of the state, created favorable conditions for the development of large-scale financial industrial groups, with the capacity to stimulate the growth of Russian economy and to serve as a strategically important factor in the pursuit of broader political interests. 1: STATE CAPTURE state-business relations in the mid-late 1990s In the early stages of democratic transition and state consolidation between 1993 and 1996 the concept of rent seeking was widely used to describe business behavior in Russia. Characteristically, those who were able to accumulate large capital and property relied on a strategy of close integration with the state and maximized their profits through privileges, such as subsidies and benefits obtainable from the state. The relationship between business and government was determined by differences in access to rent and its distribution. Those who were closely connected to the state were able to use the changing political and economic system to their advantage. When political and economic systems go through a rapid and challenging change they create a range of opportunities to take over business, using formerly state-owned property, and to make money on the structural disorders of a state in transition. Andrei Yakovlev in assessing the situation in Russia as compared to other Eastern Euro pean countries notes that weakened and half-destroyed public institutions in Russia were unable to build an effective resistance to the attempts of various private interest groups to capture and privatize rent. In the first half of the 1990s Russian political authorities made a strategic choice on the issue of foreign ownership and gave preference to the younger generation of Russian entrepreneurs. The Russian political authorities were faced with a choice-to put their money on either their business or on foreign investors. The active lobbying of big capital led to the adaptation of the first scenario. Such a situation created the ideal circumstances for the growth not only of the economic, but also the political influence of big capital. Most of these entrepreneurs got control of their most valuable assets by shares-for-credit scheme through which Boris Yeltsin funded his successful 1996 election campaign. Yeltsin offered assets of existing state-owned enterprises at a bargain basement price in exchange for loans to the Russian government that could be redeemed for further shares: The assets were to be put up for auction, the winner of each auction being the bidder who offered the highest amount of credit to the state. The winner would hold the states shares as security on the loan and have the right of operational control. The main beneficiaries of the auction were the ONESKIMbank, Menatep, Lukoil and Surgutneftegaz Pension Fund. It is important to understand that the shares-for-credit scheme involved a strong element of long term strategic thinking among a powerful group of reform oriented policy makers headed by Chubais. Fortescue notes that it was designed to achieve a strategic goal, laying the foundation for a privately owned big business able to operate competitively in global markets. This period is best characterized by the creation of government assisted financial-industrial groups with the capacity to improve their economic efficiency and global competitiveness. The inevitable result was high concentration of property ownership and economic power. The president and parliament that Russian businesses helped elect created the legal environment that their businesses needed to prosper. Yeltsins daughter, Tatiana Diachenko served as a political channel through which the oligarchs could influence the decisions made by the presidents political entourage in their favour. Shevtsova writes that informal political channels helped to hasten the merging of business with the state authorities at the top, and this blending of power and business spread further to other levels of the system. Oligarchy became a political reality in its true definition of the term when Vladimir Potanin was appointed first deputy prime minister and Boris Berezovskii was made deputy secretary of the Security Council. These appointments legitimized interference by big business in the affairs of the state and in many cases restricted the playing field for everyone else. The leading tycoons not only restricted the market to other firms but also successfully lobbied f or exclusion of foreigners from their fields of activity. In 1996-97 they fell out with one another and began fighting among themselves for economic resources. It is argued by leading economists and political theorists that lack of collective spirit and organized action among the oligarchs sharply reduced their influence on political authorities. They were unable or unwilling to defend each other when the common enemy arose. For example for Bunin and Pete Duncan their inability to influence the Kirienko government and his attempt to rein them in by taxing their companies and to proceed with the devaluation which brought them enormous losses in August 1998, demonstrates their lack of power. Minister of Finance Fedorov in mid 1998 stated the following: You guys are not paying taxes. Well arrest you, well take your property, well make your companies bankrupt. After the August 1998 crash Berezovskii attempted to have Kirienko replaced by Chernomyrdin. Through informal agreements he persuaded Yeltsin to nominate him for the post twice but the St ate Duma rejected his nomination. Even Chubais who was instrumental in the privatization process and managed to intervene on their behalf with Yeltsin on a number of crucial occasions was not going to grant them control of the political process: So in 1996, using the newly created Russian business, we resolved the problem of communism in Russia. But then that very big business decided that at last everything was in place and now decided to run the country. The government is working hard to get the message across to business that it is not its job to run the country. Anatolii Chubais, the architect of Russian privatization, in 2004 admitted to having underestimated the deep feeling of injustice that shares-for-credit would create, although he still maintained that given the choice between bandit communism and bandit capitalism, then the choice he made in favour of the latter was the right one. The oligarchs were able, on the whole, to withstand the attacks on them from the reformers but it signaled an end to the era of political domination. Pete Duncan notes that the organs of the state, the security services, the police, the armed forces and the courts remained loyal to the president, and already in the Yeltsin period looked with suspicion and jealousy on them. In the true sense of the term, the Russian oligarchs never really exercised any high degree of political power and have shown no capacity to determine policy in the areas that are fundamental to the running of the country. First, they took advantage rather than created the major economic transformation policies. Second, their policy role in the state system creating sense was minor. Third, having regained the instruments for the resolution of conflict and determining the rules of the game, the authorities grew stronger than the businesses that had assisted them by strengthening their power and providing financial s upport to specific officials. The use of the term oligarch in its traditional sense is therefore questionable. As according to Pete Duncan, they were lobbyists rather than decision-makers, on the whole. The shift of balance began to be evident after the August 1998 crisis. 2: Consolidation of the State re-assessment of individual relations with political power Local and regional authorities began to undermine the power of the federals (who were largely dependent on oligarchs) by supervising the territories within their jurisdiction for tax evasion. In exchange for ensuring electoral support local and regional authorities bargained for more power and resource regulation in strategically important regions. As we have already noted, the conflicts between the leading industrial tycoons (along with their respective sponsors in the federal administration) over sources of rent extraction eventually produced the financial crisis which ended with the breakdown of the largest banks and a radical replacement of the federal government. Contrary to the situation before the 1996 presidential election (when powers of the oligarchs, regional and federal authorities were united to preserve the nature of the political regime), the 1998 crisis, stimulated by the political tensions between leading industrial groups and authorities produced a deep split in the ruling elite. The split in the ruling elite is well documented. Yakovlev writes that influential regional governors, together with their business associates, attempted to use the crisis to make the federal government even weaker. Narrow circle of politicians and top bureaucrats, financed by the economic power of the JSFC Sistema created by the Moscow government and Yuri Luzhkov attempted to undermine the position of the federal elite and Boris Yeltsins associate business group. In order to ensure succession of power in a deeply discredited federal government the federal elite had to resolve their conflicts with the powerful governors gathered around fatherland-Russia and to win the support of the federal bureaucracy. It was important for the super elite not to ignore the strategic interests of the nation; otherwise they would run the risk of the complete loss of their personal authority and influence. Measures were taken to (1) provide financial support to the army, the FSB and to other law enforcement agencies (2) to strengthen the status of federal bureaucrats (3) to win the support of non oligarchic business by revising tax legislation and alleviating the tax burden. Actors involved in the process of power consolidation used the new image of a strong and responsible leader personified in Vladimir Putin to increase the public support of society that has grown tired of chronic state weakness, corruption and looked with suspicion on the close contacts of the presidential administration to the business tycoons. The first steps that Putin took as the prime minister, particularly his initiative to work out a long term policy for the strategic development of Russian economy, boosted the Social Sentiment Index from 85 points to almost 140 points. The index shows that trends in public opinion, based on how people assess the political, social and economic situation in the country, were in favor of the newly established political order. With social support and federa l bureaucracy under the control, the newly emerging federal elite strengthened their position by limiting the powers of the governors through the creation of a system of federal districts and through a delimitation of statutory powers between the federal government and the regions. Yakovlev notes that these steps sufficiently diminished the rights and fiscal resources of regional authorities and paved way for a consolidation of a new political system with rules of the game changed in favor of the state rather than private interests of individual political and economic agents. Federal authorities and economic power blocks of the Yeltsin regime failed to introduce effective means of state regulation and economic and social development. These failures should be attributed to the politics of favoritism and informal collusive agreements between political agents and industrial tycoons. The political and legal environment was shaped by a set of narrow interests that undermined the development of the strategic interests of the nation. The new super elite of the Putin era took into account an important factor: in order to consolidate personal authority and influence it is essential to take into account not only the interests of the groups they arose from, but also strategic interests of the nation. This is an objective condition which places this narrow group above the other groups of the elite. What the oligarchs of the 1990s could not do and that is to serve the common purpose and enjoy a common set of principles and rules, the new emerging elite consolidated th eir power and influence by promoting the strategic interests of the nation. This strategy did not only win them popular support but also guaranteed loyalty from federal agencies that have already in late 1990s have been critical of public officials operating for the benefit of individual market players connected to the highest echelons of political power. Curbing the oligarchs political influence was an essential part of Vladimir Putins state politics. He promised to treat the oligarchs in the same way as other entrepreneurs and announced that all interest groups would be kept at an equal distance from his government. The much quoted term equidistance refers to a situation when the state no longer plays favorites and refuses to promote special interests. In the first meeting with the leading oligarchs Putin made it clear that it is not their business to get involved in politics and that they should concentrate purely on running their businesses. It is documented in some literature that there was a pact between Putin and the leading industrial tycoons: As long as the oligarchs paid taxes and did not use their political power to undermine the development of a new political order, the state would respect their property rights and refrain from revisiting shady privatization schemes. The nature of the meeting cannot be disputed; leading bu sinessmen and Putin met to discuss possible patterns of interaction between business and the state. However, I am inclined to argue that because big business in Russia never developed a corporate interest that it could defend collectively, backed both by the population and the state apparatus which outweighed any special interests that oligarchs could have attempted to lobby for. Tompson, for example, describes the agreement as something akin to a foundational political myth and Pete Duncan argues that there is little evidence that Putin promised them anything. Putins priority was not to arrange a certain hypothetical agreement between the oligarchs. (If Russian politics of the Putin era would be interpreted in these terms it would imply that the state was not in the position to use its bureaucratic means to restrict the political influence of the leading business tycoons.) The opposite was true: big businesses were increasingly subjected to searches, summonses and charges from vari ous government agencies, usually related to tax and privatization issues. The owners of big business who found themselves under federal investigation were no longer in the position to use direct informal contacts with the authorities (that they relied on in the Yeltsin era) to resolve their problems through some form of payment or favor. The change in the situation should be understood in the following terms: individual public officials who operated for the benefit of individual market players in the 1990s were integrated into a larger system of a consolidated state. Consolidated state and its administrative apparatus is interested in the pursuit of long term strategic objectives rather than short term private gains and in order to secure and strengthen its position it will suppress any opportunistic behavior of its members whose private interests are in conflict with the interests of the state. Hence, the term equidistance is characteristic of policies pursued by the consolidated regime: oligarchs could no longer rely on the support of state institutions or individuals working within these institutions if their interests were in conflict with the strategic interest of the state. Putins priority was to rebuild the central state and to establish the presidential administration as the dominant political institution. State consolidation was a priority for two reasons: (A) consolidated government institutions recognize their collective interests (state policy) and abilities much better (B) consolidated governmental organizations can influence the rules of the game and are much stronger than any individual player in the political and economic system. With consolidation of the state there is a consequent informal submission of business to the command of state bureaucratic interests. If under the Yeltsin regime chronic weakness of the state meant that individual public officials operated for the benefit of individual market players, under the consolidated government it is either the organization as a whole that operates in favor of certain actors or the organization plays in favor of itself. The relative weakness of the industrial tycoons in the new institutional or der was confirmed by the exile of Berezovskii and Gusinskii and the Yukos case. During the Yukos case selective justice was used in means to consolidate power. The case is well documented and it shows that financial-industrial groups that pursue strategic economic and political interests independent of the collective bureaucratic interest of the state would be persecuted and would fall under the control of the state. Yukos dared to take direct action against the authorities by openly funding Putins opponents ( Khodorkovskii was giving financial support to the Communist Party and other deputies to influence their votes on legislation related to taxes in the oil industry) and the announcement of a merger of Yukos and Sibneft, with a possible further sale of a large block of shares to ExxonMobil or Chevron corporations, carried the implication that the state could actually lose control over strategic assets in the oil industry. In 2003 Yukos became the victim of a crippling tax demand which led to its bankruptcy and sale of its assets to government assisted financi al-industrial group Rosneft. The Yukos affair has clarified the rules of the game between oligarchs and Kremlin: (A) they should pay their taxes (B) they should not interfere in national politics (C) they should not attempt to undermine the strategic interests of the state in the pursuit of its energy policy. It can be argued that the Yukos affair had limited but generally positive implications for the development of Russia into eventually a normal market economy. Paul Khlebnikov wrote in 2003: The arrest of the oligarch is indeed an example of selective justice. But that is better than no justice at all. Put yourself in the place of the oligarchs. What conclusions will you draw from the Khodorkovskii case? What will you do as not to find yourself behind bars. Obviously, you will prefer always to be on the side of the president, and even better to keep your distance from politics. But you will also direct all your energies to remaining within the boundaries of the law. What befell the oligarchs under Putin shows that as a class they cannot aspire to become the dominant force in Russian politics. The regime may exploit big business and at times share power with them, but the dependency of the state on the capital of economic power blocks is purely temporary Even though the oligarchs remain economically powerful, they have no longer any weight in politics. Shevtsova notes that once the state has re-established itself and gained the support of other forces, the master of the Kremlin can shake off oligarchic influence. Where does this leave the other oligarchs in relation to the state? Consolidated state bureaucracy brings advantages to the development of big business and the economy. For the oligarchs who accepted the new political structure, rebuilding the state meant more security and guarantees for business. Businesses interact with monopolistic departments instead of individual bureaucrats and their relationship to the state is, therefore, more stable, predictable and effective. Putin and the countrys most prominent business leaders are working to convince Western investors that the Russian government and business can create law-abiding and transparent market economy. Leading Russian firms are moving towards corporate transparency and are trying to observe international accounting standards, pay regular dividends and protect minority stockholders rights. Russias industrial tycoons are becoming global players with the support and encouragement from their government: Lukoil CEO Alekperov stated in a 2001 interview that for the past two years we sense support of the Russian leadership, which now understands the importance of creating a transparent business environment that can serve to facilitate not only political ties but also strategic interests. The relationship between the state and business in Russia is one of mutual strategic interest that largely depends on the powers inherent in the presidency. It is in the interest of Russian big business to have behind it the support of the state and its guarantee of property rights, but at the same time it has to accept that the state operates on the basis of informal rules and agreements and places national strategic interests above market mechanisms.

Shark Attacks Essays -- Sharks Ocean Life Attacks Essays

Shark Attacks The serious attacks are mainly by four species. The Bull shark. the Tiger, the Great White and the Oceanic Whitetip shark. The Grey Nurse (Sand Tiger) and the Bronze Whaler have for many years been blamed for many attacks but it seems nearly all were mistaken identity. The Grey Nurse is now protected in most States in Australia. The Great White is the largest and has a high percentage of fatal attacks. The Bull shark is responsible for a lot of attacks on swimmers and people in shallow water. From reports it seems a lot of these attacks were only one bite but a large percentage of the victims died of blood loss and shock. It is likely to be the worlds number one killer shark on swimmers. I have heard of a lot of encounters with scuba divers but have so far been unable to find any attacks. The Tiger shark usually spends daylight hours in deep water and comes into shallow areas around reefs and coastline during the night. It has been responsible for a large number of deaths. This includes swimmers, surfers and scuba divers. Many divers swim with these sharks with no problem but a large Tiger shark is more than capable of killing a human. Overall, there are very few fatal attacks on scuba divers. I have not been able to find any over the last twenty years except for one in 1991 and two in 1993. Ironically these were both in the same month. They were all by Great White sharks. According to the book, Shark Attacks by Mac Mc Diarmid, 9 out of 10 shark attacks happen within 1.6 metres of the surface. One third of attacks are fatal. Most victims are male. Although there have been very few fatal attacks on scuba divers, there have been quite a few on spearfisherman and abalone divers. Many of these fatal attacks have occurred in South Australia in areas well known for Great Whites. Abalone divers nearly always work in areas where seals are present and the water is cool. This is ideal for attracting the Great White. Add to this the fact that they spend an enormous time in the water and it is a recipe for disaster. It was noticed in California USA, that Abalone divers were only attacked north of Point Conception. It was later discovered that the law in North California did not allow abalone divers to use scuba equipment, which meant they spent much more time at the surface. In southern California scuba was permitted! Spearfishing has two major... ... with captive dolphins. The dolphins were bottlenose dolphins--there were 5 in the pod, one of which was a calf. So it could be a female pod. When the three people went into the water, they swam with the dolphins without fins or masks--so they were not as agile underwater as they could have been, nor as equipped as many people are when they are swimming with captive or solitary dolphins. Martin was left alone in the water (his choice). The dolphins initially disappeared on him. Martin saw the shark attack him from the depths. He said he was bitten four times. In one of the attacks, Martin said that he punched the shark on the snout. We do not yet know the species of the shark. The doctors in the Egyptian hospital in El Tur said that it was only one shark and by the size of the bite marks, they believe it was between 4-5 meters (we are looking for someone who is a professional to help identify the species from the bite wounds). It was the dolphins' choice to return and to help Martin. They were not close to him at the time of the attack. They probably took some risk to do this, as there was a calf in their pod. They were not fed by the boat. Thank you for reading my paper.

Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Economic Development

Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Economic Development â€Å"‘Discuss the relationship between entrepreneurship, innovation and economic development. What role do creativity and problem solving play in this relationship? † In today’s world, entrepreneurship and innovation are becoming increasingly crucial as drivers of the economy, especially so in the developing economies where trade plays a major part in generating revenue. In China, small-and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) account for almost 70 percent of all Chinese exports, a share that reflects the above statement about the importance of entrepreneurship to economic robustness.Some questions may be raised on whether entrepreneurship lead to economic development or is the latter a prerequisite to facilitate the entrepreneurship and innovation processes instead. This essay , while recognizing the need of certain institutions and framework to be in place and functioning well in order to ease the functioning of business activities, takes the stand that entrepreneurship and innovation leads to economic development more often than of the other way around.Realising its potential, governments’ initiatives have largely been centred on encouraging more entrepreneurs to start up a venture or to expand their existing businesses. In the 2013 National Budget, the Malaysian Government has allocated a fund of RM 1 billion under the SME Development Scheme (News Straits Times 2012). This very government has also recently launched SME Masterplan (2012 – 2020). These initiatives are aimed at supporting and accelerating the growth and development of SME-s across all sectors of the economy.In evaluation though, more start-ups and new business ventures in an economy does not necessarily translate into economic growth and improvement. In order for the desired economic aims to be achieved, we need to ensure that the start-ups and existing businesses thrive and not fail, for doomed enterprises mor e often than not suck resources out of the economy. This essay will identify how businesses, using innovative practices and creativity in both business operations as well as in problem solving, can achieve greater performance and sustainability in order to positively contribute to economic development.Jospeh Schumpeter defines entrepreneurs as innovators who implement entrepreneurial change within markets (Ahamad, 2008). This can be in the sense of introduction of a new or improved good, introduction of a new method of production or business management process, and the exploitation of a new source of supply. In short, entrepreneurship is the act of identifying market opportunities and using innovative approaches to exploit them (Ahamad, 2008). â€Å"Business opportunities are like buses, there’s always another one coming† (McAshan, 2011).Such are the words Richard Branson has used to describe the ample opportunities available for entrepreneurs to capitalize on. An entr epreneur can either start a venture by either involving themselves in a established market with certainty of demand for the goods offered, or they can exploit a new market altogether, by identifying a market niche and work on fulfilling the needs of that certain segment. By undertaking the former, entrepreneurs face a large and possibly increasing pool of competitors. This market, as described in the book Blue Ocean Strategy, is the â€Å"Red Ocean†.In contrast, entrepreneurs who venture into an untapped market space, focusing on demand creation, have unlimited potential to grow profitably (Chan & Mauborgne, 2005). â€Å"The only way to beat the competition is to stop trying to beat the competition. † Entrepreneurs should focus on undertaking the value innovation strategy proposed in the Blue Ocean Strategy. By creating a leap in value for buyers, a venture can open up new and uncontested market space, this makes competition irrelevant (Chan & Mauborgne, 2005).To be su ccessful, entrepreneurs will need to undertake innovative processes in creating the product or service as so to distinguish themselves from the rest of the existing options in the market. In other words, the product or services offered must stand out, have relevance and good purpose, and provides a high value add to consumers. It must provide the wow effect to the masses, which will in turn capture attention and help rake in revenues. Besides product and service innovation, innovation also can be implemented in improving the business management process.For example, all this while, organizations are shaped in the top-down organizational structure. Innovative entrepreneurs might have a different preference on running the firm, and choose to have a flatter structure, defying the norm. This can rake in benefits as in a flat structure, creativity and feedback are encouraged, there is more empowerment of young people by the executives, leading to a more open and vibrant organization. This will provide amazing esults in terms of business performance especially in today’s fast paced business world, which requires enterprises to be nimble and quick to adapt to changes (Griffin, 1999). Besides innovating and introducing a good and impressive product, an enterprise should also aim to develop strengths in multiple areas to gain an advantage over the rest of the field. Edges such as fantastic supply chain system which is due to good contacts and strong relationships with suppliers is a crucial factor in determining how well a business does.Toyota for instance, are famed for their Lean Production System, which is a key factor contributing to their status as market leader in the automobile industry. Besides that, the ability to develop strong brand loyalty with customers by establishing a culture of responsiveness to them is also another example of what an enterprise can focus on doing. It is easy to knock off an innovative product, but an innovative business system i s hard to replicate (Bhide, 1996).Businesses should thus focus on enhancing creativity, building strong networks, utilize technology available to enhance performance, devise effective strategies to be incorporated in the business process, aim to build good reputation among consumers by providing consistent and reliable service and also, be ever-ready to act quickly, on both opportunities as well as issues that will arise every now and then (Bhide, 1994). When faced with a problem, how fast and how well an entrepreneur responds to it will have a telling effect on the business performance.It can potentially act as a morale booster if dealt well, and have adverse effects if not. Spardlin (2012) suggests that a large number of enterprises are simply not rigorous in defining the problems they are attempting to solve. The Creative Problem Solving Process Model suggest the use of an explorer’s mindset, as well as a detective mindset when it comes to defining problems. This is so as to pinpoint the problem, also identifying the opportunities and future-oriented aspects involved (Lumsdaine, 2009). When you ask the right questions, chances are you’ll be able to tackle the right problems well.InnoCentive, an innovation-focused problem solving consulting agency, has devised a four-step process for firms, to be used in defining problems and later solving them (Spardlin, 2012). This process has four main focuses. First, it aims to help users pinpoint the need for the solution, and state what the desired outcome is. Next, it articulates the strategic importance of the solution to the firm. Then, it looks into the methods that may have already been used, recognize the constraints involved and lastly a clear and complete problem statement is produced (Spardlin, 2012).This multi-steps process is important to rally the organisation around a shared understanding of the situation, its magnitude and amount of resources needed to be devoted to the rectification of the issue. More often than not, firms allocate inappropriate level of resources to solving problems faced: too few resources are allocated to high-stakes ones and excess resources are devoted to tackling wrongly defined problems or low priority ones (Spardlin, 2012). After problem definition, idea generation and evaluation follows.Using the artist, engineer and judge mindsets, organisations are encouraged to generate solutions through a creative, innovative and evaluative process (Lumsdaine, 2009). This process works well in brainstorming groups. As ideas are being suggested, chances are a constructive build-on will occur. Ideas will then be synthesized, and the best solution(s) will then be picked. The Pugh Method can be used in tandem with the idea evaluation process: Concepts are compared in an advantage-disadvantage matrix.It can be used to compare the few available ideas in hand, choosing the best one ultimately, and it can also be used to benchmark against an existing concept in t he market (Lumsdaine, 2009). With this, entrepreneurs can now be assured of a well-thought idea for their products or services or even when it comes to solving issues. The implementation of ideas, or the execution is a pivotal area of focus for entrepreneurs. Execution is as equally important as the idea itself. Entrepreneurship is not just all about being creative and inventing or innovating good products and services.A good idea without careful and precise implementation will not help a business reach its potential. Furthermore, an innovative new product or service may do very well when introduced, but its popularity will also attract new companies who will imitate and try to capture a share of the market. Thus the importance of laying strong foundations and fundamentals in terms of implementation must be stressed on by entrepreneurs. Aspiring entrepreneurs should realise the importance of working on establishing the business’ brand name as well as using creativity in erect ing barriers that will deter imitators.This is especially crucial if their innovation of products are easily copied. This can be done by careful planning, acquisition and management of the necessary resources. Clearly, innovation, problem solving and creativity are all connected and play important roles in driving entrepreneurship. A society will be much better off with better products and services, as well as having the luxury of a wider range of product choices to choose from. Entrepreneurship will indefinitely spur economic development in a country.As mentioned above, enterprises contribute to the exports of a country, so in this aspect a country will record better balance of payments performances. Also, as consumers now have better quality goods produced locally, the dependency on imported goods can be reduced, and internal growth is spurred with increased consumption in the economy. Lastly, as firms embark on the innovation drive, more technology usage will mean investment acti vities are bound to increase, contributing to the long run health of the economy. In short, innovation in entrepreneurship is important for economic development.Efforts to strengthen these practices should be undertaken by all parties, including the government. References Ahmad, N. and R. G. Seymour (2008), â€Å"Defining Entrepreneurial Activity: Definitions Supporting Frameworks for Data Collection†, OECD Statistics Working Papers, 2008/01, OECD Publishing. Bhide, A. (1994). How Entrepreneurs Craft Strategies That Work. Harvard Business Review. Bhide, A. (1996). The Questions Every Entrepreneurs Must Answer. Harvard Business Review. Chan K. W. & Mauborgne R. (2005), Blue Ocean Strategy: How to Create Uncontested Market Space and Make Competition Irrelevant: Harvard Business Press. Finfacts. (2007).Chinese SMEs boost exports and growth; More created in past 20 years than total number of SMEs in Europe and US combined. Available: http://www. finfacts. com/irelandbusinessnews/ publish/article_1010697. shtml. Last accessed 20th November 2012. Griffin, D. (1999). Benefits in a Flat Organizational Structure. Available: http://smallbusiness. chron. com/benefits-flat-organizational-structure-281. html. Last accessed 30th of November. Lumsdaine, E . , Binks, M . (2009). Entrepreneurship from Creativity to Innovation. Nottingham, University of Nottingham Institute for Enterprise and Innovation McAshan, T. (2011). 50 Great Entrepreneurial

Personality of Donald Trump Essay

Success is defined by the accomplishments people make in their lives. These accomplishments are underscored by their abilities to lead and inspire others. Many theorists have pondered what characteristics and traits lead people to have such a passionate drive towards success. Donald Trump is one of these triumphant individuals, who despite adversity have accomplished unrenowned achievements. In order to understand what has made Donald successful, his character traits must be analyzed and compared to acknowledged theory. Donald Trump is a true American success story and his approach to business, along with his personality, must be closely explored. Donald Trump was born in New York City on June 14, 1946, to Fred and Mary Trump and is the fourth of five children. Fred Trump was a self-made successful real estate developer, who became a millionaire by the time Donald was born. He built modest homes and apartment buildings and liked to stay out of the spotlight. He was a man of strong conviction and self-confidence and instilled in his children the importance of believing in themselves, being optimistic and striving for success (Slater, 2005). The Trumps lived well but simply and were not flamboyant in their spending. Donald’s parents were frugal in the sense that they knew it was not easy to make money and that money should be treated with respect (Trump). Fred was strict with his children but a devoted husband and father. Mary was a  traditional housewife but had a flair for the dramatic and was enchanted by royalty and glamour (O’Brien, 2005). She had a great sense for showiness, loved to organize family parties and events, and was always the star of the show. Donald has said that, when it comes to real estate, his dad was his best teacher. He claims he began to learn as a small child when playing at his father’s feet, as he listened to his father conduct business over the phone with building contractors. Donald boasts that, by the age of ten, he knew more about erecting a building than many adults did (Slater, 2005). During school vacations, Donald and his brothers would tag along with their father to help with projects and to collect rents. He truly admired his father. He wanted to follow in his footsteps but not to have to walk in his father’s shadow. He wanted to achieve greatness on his own and be known as Donald Trump, not Fred Trump’s son. In his youth, Donald was pretty wild and rambunctious. As early as the second grade, he punched his music teacher and gave him a black eye. By the age of thirteen, his parents had lost patience with him and shipped him off to New York Military Academy. Donald quickly adapted to this iron-fisted environment and here he began to develop his competitive nature and an awareness of his appearance (O’Brien, 2005). He strove to be successful at everything he did. He excelled in both academics and sports and discovered one of the character traits he is now most known for, his self-confidence. Attending the military academy was the turning point in Donald’s life, where he began to develop his personality and become the Donald Trump the world knows today. Fred Trump had always hoped his sons would all join him in his business, and at various times they did. Fred Jr., Donald’s brother, did not care for the business, and did not get along with his father very well. He left the business and became a pilot. He was a troubled man, and at the age of 42 died of a heart attack and alcoholism. This was one of the worst events Donald claims to have experienced. For this reason, he has never smoked nor drank. Donald believed that most people were self-serving and that many took  advantage of his brother. After his brother’s death, Donald vowed to always be on guard and to be untrusting of everyone (Slater, 2005). After completing an associate’s degree at the University of Pennsylvania’s Wharton School of Finance, he went to work for his father for five years. Donald’s father, who kept his dealings in Brooklyn and Queens, made it big on a smaller scale, but Donald was determined to make it big on a larger one; so he packed up all of his belongings and moved to Manhattan, the heart of New York. He continued to work for his father, and when he began to consider moving to California and going into show business, an associate convinced him that real estate was truly his forte (O’Brien, 2005). When Donald moved to Manhattan, his bank account and wallet were practically empty but that did not stop him. Trump used his negotiating skills and persistence to join an exclusive club in New York, which catered only to the elite. Recognizing his magnetism and ingenuity, the club let Donald join strictly on the condition that he would leave the other members’ wives alone. He did not intend to use the club to play polo and sail on yachts, but rather to use his membership to make contacts and that is exactly is what he did. (AskMen.com, 2005). Trump had made himself one of the most powerful real estate businessmen in the 1980s with the ownership of several buildings such as Trump Towers, Trump Parc, and The Plaza Hotel, as well as the New Jersey Generals football team. He also invested in the casino business in Atlantic City and New Jersey. Due to his impetuous nature though, Donald rushed into many ventures without planning ahead. He got himself deep in debt and a recession forced him into bankruptcy. He climbed to his feet, wiped the dirt off of his knees, and came back fighting and more determined than ever. (AskMen.com, 2005). In 2004, Donald teamed up with NBC to produce and star in a television reality show, The Apprentice. This quickly became the number one new show on television. Each season begins with a group of contestants with backgrounds in various enterprises, typically including real estate, restaurant  management, political consulting, sales and marketing. During the show, these contestants live in a communal house, allowing their relationships to build. They are placed into task teams and each week are assigned a task which requires selecting a project manager for the task. The winning team receives a reward, while the losing team faces a boardroom showdown in order to determine which team member should be eliminated from the show. The premise of the show, which bills itself as the â€Å"ultimate job interview,† is to conduct a job talent search for a person to head one of Trump’s companies. The position starts with an â€Å"Introductory† one-year contract with a startin g yearly salary exceeding six figures, $250,000 to be exact. The Apprentice is just another success to add to Trumps report card. (Woopidoo.com). Donald likes to be closely involved in every aspect of his business. When any new construction is under way, he is very much like his father. He always visits the construction sites and likes to micromanage his projects. He haggles with project managers, meets with foremen and also discusses the jobs with construction workers themselves. As to his personal life, Donald is currently in his third marriage. He was married to his first wife, Ivana, for 13 years and had three children from the marriage, two boys and a girl. Donald’s second marriage to wife Marla, lasted for six years. They had one child, a baby girl. Donald married again in 2005 to a Slovenian model, Melania Knauss, and they recently had a baby boy. Donald’s aggressions and one-sided focus are what allowed him to break down the existing barriers to obtain his goals of becoming successful as a developer. With that being said, there is a sad and dark side to Donald Trump; it is believed that he suffers from Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. His OCD is to buy and build whatever comes to his mind. His actions time and time again have proven that, when he sets his sights on something, he just goes for it no matter what. Trump does not appear to have any set strategies. Many times, Donald Trump’s impulsiveness does not let him see what will happen after he makes that first pivotal step in any direction. In  addition, Donald’s concern for neatness and appearance extends deeper regarding cleanliness. He has had a lifelong aversion to germs and is a self-professed germ-phobic. He avoids too much hand shaking, and washes his hands thoroughly and as often as possible. He would refuse to put food in his mouth after shaking someone’s hand. He feels this keeps him safer from the risk of contracting any illnesses. Donald Trump is a ripe candidate for further analyses of psychological theory. Carl Jung, a neo-freudian theorist, believed in not just the unconscious but rather the collective unconscious, which was ideas or memories that are part of a person’s biological heritage and these inherited tendencies, such as family, faith and fears, predispose us to view the external world in certain ways. Jung referred to these ideas or memories as archetypes. Jung described many archetypes but focused on three specific ones: the animus/anima, the shadow and the self (Heffner, 2002). This theory would state that Donald Trump was born to be the person he is now. Jung also believed that spiritual needs are just as important, and possibly more important, as biological needs. â€Å"Introverts try to harmonize inner conflicts into a whole self. Extroverts try to harmonize self with social realities (Spencer).† Jung would have considered Trump an extrovert because Donald is focused and driven with society around him. Jung would have also considered Trump a poster child because those who help themselves succeed in life, and that is what Trump had been taught and encouraged to believe. Jung also stated that people look for those that are like themselves, and much of that influence comes from our parents. Donald Trump’s mother had a visible influence on his need to be in the impeccably dressed, and always in the spotlight. Donald’s father was a very successful businessman, so that is what Donald knew to look for in life. He has always been associated with rich and powerful people in many different fields, from radio and his conn ection with Howard Stern to sports and political figures. Gordon Allport, a trait theorist, wanted to understand the differences between people in personality and to see how the different characteristics and processes interact and function together in an integrated way. Allport  believed that people had traits. He classified these traits into specific categories: individual, common, cardinal, central, secondary, motivational, and stylistic traits. He believed that every person had a small number of specific traits, known as central traits that predominate the personality. Allport believed that once in a while one of the central traits would become a dominant trait, known as a cardinal trait. The central and cardinal traits are environmentally influenced. (Heffner, 2002). According to Allport’s theory, Donald Trump’s traits would be classified into certain categories. For instance, a central trait would be self-confidence and a cardinal trait would be determination. Allport also believed that humans act on the tendency to satisfy basic survival needs, which he referred to as opportunistic functioning, and that most of what we do in life is what makes us who we are. He was a strong proponent of acknowledging ones self-image (Boeree, 2006). Donald Trump has a very positive self-image, made obvious from the way he dresses to the things he creates. His name, Trump, is on everything he has built. He works on the belief that he cannot fail and, even if he fails, it is due to someone else not doing the job to his standards. As a biological theorist, Hans Eysenck’s theory is based primarily on physiology and genetics. He believes that habits are learned, but he also believes that people can grow out of personality that is genetically inherited. Eysenck believed that â€Å"the human brain has excitatory and inhibitory neural mechanisms (Neill, 2005).† Eysenck hypothesized these two mechanisms were regulated by a structure known as ARAS in the brain stem. The ARAS lets stimulus into the brain. If it lets a lot of stimulus into the brain, chronic over arousal, a person is an introvert and if the ARAS does not allow much stimulus, chronic under arousal, into the brain, a person is an extrovert (Heffner, 2002). Eysenck determined that all people could be categorized into two groups: neurotic and extrovert-introvert. Everyone exhibits specific responses to both internal and external stimuli. Both neuroticism and extroversion can be seen in Donald Trump, as he has admitted to not wanting to shake hands because of his fear of germs. He said that he finds the hand shaking ritual barbaric. Donald’s personality has always shown him to be an extrovert by nature, which has served him well in his business dealings. Being outgoing and upfront is how he influences lucrative deal offers to be signed, and has added to his success. As a humanistic theorist, Carl Rogers believed all people need to maintain and enhance life, and this tendency for growth is known as self-actualization (Boeree, 2006). There are levels on the path to self-actualization. One level is the desire to preserve and enhance oneself, also known as the physical level, and the higher level, the psychological level, is to seek out new experiences, master new skills, quit boring jobs, and find more exciting ones. Once a person has achieved self-actualization, they are known as a fully functioning person and able to live a life full of meaning, challenges and fulfillment. Rogers believed self-actualization was primarily determined by events in a person’s childhood experiences and these experiences need to be positive. According to Rogers’ theory, Donald Trump would be a fully functioning person. It is very evident in Mr. Trump’s actions as to how he feels about himself. Rogers claims that if you feel smart and/or think that you are smart, then it becomes part of your self-concept. Donald Trump is very confident and has an enormous ego, which has helped him throughout his career. This ego carries over to Donald Trump’s personal relationships in dealing with women as well as business associates. He has always surrounded himself with beautiful women regardless of the fact that many believe he is not all that handsome. This confidence serves as a magnet that makes people want to be in his presence. He has a good image of himself but never lets his self-image get in the way of what he is after, thus even business associates cannot resist giving in to him. This, in turn, feeds his ego. He also feels that he is superior to others in the business world and, even through his financial troubles, has always managed to emerge as though it was just a bump in the road and part of his plan. George Kelly, a cognitive theorist, believed that, because people are trying  to understand what was going on around them, people are scientists. Kelly’s theory is known as the fundamental postulate, which states people act in a manner with how people expect the world to be based on their interpretations of past events (Spencer). In other words, people use past experiences in life to anticipate future events. An example would be if we view the world and people around us as friendly and safe, then we would find it easy to engage with others for advice. If we see the world and people around us as cruel and selfish, then we would strictly rely on our own abilities to interpret things. For a long time, Donald Trump vowed not to trust anyone after the death of his brother and has only relied on himself to build his fortune, which gives the idea that he trusts no one more than himself. This mistrust is why he most likely involves himself so deeply in all facets of his business and micromanages. In some cases, this mistrust in others has been his undoing in his some of his business dealings and possibly his marriages. Needless to say, Donald Trump’s flamboyance success and highly public persona make Donald a perfect specimen for a personality evaluation. Many of the theorists believe that a lot of Donald’s personality stems from his relationship with and the influence of his parents. This includes his mother’s influence on being in the spotlight and his father’s sense of being a disciplined businessman. Donald Trump is a very confident, competitive, successful and extravagant businessman who has made himself instantly recognizable wherever he goes. Whatever theory one may have, all agree that Donald Trump is a very goal driven person and it is believed that he will always resurface no matter how his investments turn out. Trump summed up his future in these few words, â€Å"Anyone who thinks my story is anywhere near over is sadly mistaken.† (AskMen.com, 2005).† References AskMen.com. (2005). Men of the week: businessmen. Retrieved April 18, 2006, from AskMen.com Website: http://www.askmen.com/men/business_politics/38_donald_trump.html. Boeree, C. G. (2006). Personality theories. Retrieved April 15, 2006, from Shippensburg University Website: http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/perscontents.html. Heffner, C. L. (2002, August 21). Personality theory: an introduction. Retrieved April 26, 2006, from AllPsych Online: The Virtual Psychology Classroom Website: http://allpsych.com/personalitysynopsis/index.html. Neill, J. (2005, September 19). Personality: theory & perspectives. Retrieved April 26, 2006, Website: http://www.wilderdom.com/personality/personality.html. O’Brien, T. L. (2005). TrumpNation. The art of being Donald. Warner Business Books. New York, NY. Slater, R. (2005). No such thing as exposure. Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. Spencer, W. B. (n.d.). Theories of personality. Retrieved April 26, 2006, from Eastern Illinois University Psychology Department Website: http://psych.eiu.edu/spencer/. Trump, D. (2004). Trump How to Get Rich. New York, NY: Random House. Woopidoo.com. (n.d.). Donald trump biography. Retrieved April 28, 2006, from Woopidoo! Website: http://www.woopidoo.com/biography/donald-trump.htm.