The Fundamentals of Elementary Particle Physics

The concept of fundamental, indivisible particles goes back to the ancient Greeks (a concept known as atomism). In the 20th century, physicists began exploring the goings on at the smallest levels of matter, and among their most startling modern discoveries was the amount of different particles in the universe. Quantum physics predicts 18 types of elementary particles, and 16 have already been experimentally detected. Elementary particle physics aims to find the remaining particles. The Standard Model The Standard Model of particle physics, which classifies elementary particles into several groups, is at the core of modern physics. In this model, three of the four fundamental forces of physics are described, along with gauge bosons, the particles that mediate those forces. Although gravity isnt technically included in the Standard Model, theoretical physicists are working to extend the model to include and predict a quantum theory of gravity. If theres one thing that particle physicists seem to enjoy, its dividing up particles into groups. Elementary particles are the smallest constituents of matter and energy. As far as scientists can tell, they dont seem to be made from combinations of any smaller particles. Breaking Down Matter and Forces All elementary particles in physics are classified as either fermions or bosons. Quantum physics demonstrates that particles may have an intrinsic non-zero spin, or angular momentum, associated with them. A fermion (named after Enrico Fermi) is a particle with a half-integer spin, while a boson (named after Satyendra Nath Bose) is a particle with an whole number or integer spin. These spins result in different mathematical applications in particular situations. Simple mathematics of adding integers and half-integers shows the following: Combining an odd number of fermions results in a fermion because the total spin will still be a half-integer value.Combining an even number of fermions results in a boson because the total spin results in an integer value. Fermions Fermions have a particle spin equal to a half-integer value (-1/2, 1/2, 3/2, etc.). These particles make up the matter that we observe in our universe. The two basic constituents of matter are quarks and leptons. Both of these subatomic particles are fermions, so all bosons are created from an even combination of these particles. Quarks are the class of fermion that make up hadrons, such as protons and neutrons. Quarks are fundamental particles which interact through all four of the fundamental forces of physics: gravity, electromagnetism, weak interaction, and strong interaction. Quarks always exist in combination to form subatomic particles known as hadrons. There are six distinct types of quark: Bottom QuarkStrange QuarkDown QuarkTop QuarkCharm QuarkUp Quark Leptons are a type of fundamental particle that do not experience strong interaction. There are six lepton varieties: ElectronElectron NeutrinoMuonMuon NeutrinoTauTau Neutrino Each of the three flavors of lepton (electron, muon, and tau) is composed of a weak doublet, the aforementioned particle along with a virtually massless neutral particle called a neutrino. Thus, the electron lepton is the weak doublet of electron and electron-neutrino. Bosons Bosons have a particle spin equal to an integer (whole numbers like 1, 2, 3, and so on). These particles mediate the fundamental forces of physics under quantum field theories. PhotonW BosonZ BosonGluonHiggs BosonGraviton Composite Particles Hadrons are particles made up of multiple bound together quarks such that their spin is a half-integer value. Hadrons are divided into mesons (which are bosons) and baryons (which are fermions). MesonsBaryonsNucleonsHyperons: short-lived particles composed of strange quarks Molecules are complex structures composed of multiple atoms bonded together. The basic chemical building block of matter, atoms are composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons. Protons and neutrons are nucleons, the type of baryon which together form the composite particle that is the nucleus of an atom. The study of how atoms bond together to form various molecular structures is the foundation of modern chemistry. Particle Classification It can be hard to keep all the names straight in particle physics, so it might be helpful to think of the animal world, where such structured naming might be more familiar and intuitive. Humans are primates, mammals, and also vertebrates. Similarly, protons are nucleons, baryons, hadrons, and also fermions. The unfortunate difference is that the terms tend to sound similar to each other. Confusing bosons and baryons, for example, is far easier than confusing primates and invertebrates. The only way to really keep these different particle groups separate is to just carefully study them and try to be careful about which name is being used. Edited by Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D.

Canada Is Not The Post Racist Utopia - 1618 Words

Canada is often referred to as one of the most progressive countries in the world for a multitude of reasons: being the first country to constitutionally enshrine aboriginal and treaty rights, the steady escalation of interracial Canadian marriages, and committing to the official policy of Multiculturalism, which is entrenched in the 1982 Constitution Act and the Multicultural Act of 1988 (Fleras, 2017). However, Canada is not the post-racist utopia as it appears to be as that Canada is not necessarily the same Canada â€Å"experienced by the disenfranchised such as Aboriginal peoples, racialized minorities, and the newest Canadians† (Fleras, 2017, p.7). The reality of Canada’s seemingly pristine reputation is routinely glossed over with â€Å"polite fictions of tolerance, fairness, and generosity† (Fleras, 2017, p.6). That is, there is a discrepancy between the ideal – what Multiculturalism says it is doing in combating racism – and the real â€⠀œ what it is really doing in perpetuating a racialized and racist Canada (Fleras, 2014, p.246). In my essay, I will be unveiling three inconvenient truths and how they are masked. First, I will describe how Multiculturalism is merely a system that manages different ethnicities in a way that allows white privilege to prevail. Second, I will debunk the myth of Canada’s near-non-existent colonial legacy. Last, I will explain the myth of meritocracy and how it is reflected in a vertical mosaic. Only through a series of polite fictions that maskShow MoreRelatedIdentity And The Search For The Self Among The Sub Continental Diaspora10173 Words   |  41 PagesIt comes from the same Greek term â€Å"Sperma† and â€Å"sperein† which means â€Å"seed† and to â€Å"sow†(Oxford English Dictionary). In recent times, the experience of living in a diaspora and migrancy has accentuated many post colonial studies. The synonymous use of the terms ‘diaspora’, ‘migrant’, and ‘post colonial’ have been discussed and contested by theorists in the last decade. The theories of Diasporic identity are replete with complexities in it. Roger Brubaker, in â€Å"The ‘Diaspora’ Diaspora†, 2005 expressesRead MoreA Critical Review of â€Å"the Ambiguities of Football, Politics, Culture, and Social Transformation in Latin America† by Tamir Bar-on.14147 Words   |  57 Pages72 - 87). Consequently, the United States participated in the first two World Cups of 1930 and 1934 (semi-finalist). In the 1950 World Cup, the United States recorded a stunning 1-0 victory over England. Between 1968 and 1984, the United States and Canada hosted the popular North American Soccer League (NASL) fuelled by foreign stars like Pà ©là ©, Neeskens, Euse bio, and Beckenbauer. After a forty-year hiatus, the United States participated in both the 1990 and 1994 World Cups. This most recent AmericanRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagestraveled directly to other Southeast Asian destinations, especially Thailand, 16 †¢ CHAPTER 1 TABLE 1.1: LONG- DISTANCE GLOBAL MIGRATION, 1840– 1940 millions Out of Europe millions 60 United States 33 Argentina 6.5 Canada Brazil 5 4.5 Other Americas 3 Australia New Zealand 4 North Africa 3 Elsewhere 1 Russia to Siberia 13 Out of South China Malaya and Singapore 21–23 7 Dutch East Indies 4–5 Thailand 4.5 FrenchRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesSituations in Remarkably Similar Ways 185 A Special OD Case: The Learning Organization 199 Evaluating Training and Development Effectiveness 199 Evaluating Training 199 Performance-Based Evaluation Measures 200 Post-Training Performance Method 200 Pre-Post-Training Performance Method 201 Pre-Post-Training Performance with Control Group Method 201 International Training and Development Issues 201 Cross-Cultural Training 201 Development 202 Summary 203 Demonstrating Comprehension: Questions for Review

The Silver Linings Playbook Chapter 13 Free Essays

Do You Like Foreign Films? Cliff asks about Veronica’s dinner party in a way that lets me know my mother has already discussed it with him – probably in an effort to get me to wear the collared shirts she bought me at the Gap, which Mom loves and I do not love. As soon as I sit down in the brown recliner, Cliff broaches the subject, pinching his chin the way he does every time he asks me a question my mother has already answered. Even though I now recognize Cliff’s tell, I am excited to let him know he was right about wearing the shirt my brother had given me. We will write a custom essay sample on The Silver Linings Playbook Chapter 13 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Surprisingly, he does not want to talk about what clothes I wore; he wants to talk about Tiffany, and he keeps asking what I thought about her, how she made me feel, and if I enjoyed her company. At first I am polite and answer by saying that Tiffany was nice and well dressed and had a pretty good body, but Cliff keeps pushing for the truth like therapists do, because they all have some sort of psychic ability that allows them to see through your lies, and therefore they know you will eventually tire of the talking game and will offer up the truth. Finally I say, â€Å"Well, the thing is – and I don’t like saying this – but Tiffany is kind of slutty.† â€Å"What do you mean?† Cliff asks me. â€Å"I mean she’s sort of a whore.† Cliff sits forward a little. He looks surprised, and uncomfortable enough to make me feel uncomfortable. â€Å"On what do you base your observation? Did she dress provocatively?† â€Å"No. I told you already. She wore a nice dress. But as soon as we finished our dessert, she asked me to walk her home.† â€Å"What’s wrong with that?† â€Å"Nothing. But at the end of the walk she asked me to have sexual intercourse with her, and not in those words.† Cliff removes his fingers from his chin, sits back, and says, â€Å"Oh.† â€Å"I know. It shocked me too, especially because she knows I’m married.† â€Å"So did you?† â€Å"Did I what?† â€Å"Have sexual intercourse with Tiffany?† At first Cliff’s words don’t register, but when they do, I become angry. â€Å"No!† â€Å"Why not?† I cannot believe Cliff has actually asked me such a question, especially since he is a happily married man himself, but I dignify the inquiry with an answer anyway. â€Å"Because I love my wife! That’s why!† â€Å"That’s what I thought,† he says, which makes me feel a little better. He is only testing my morals, which is perfectly understandable, because people outside of mental institutions need to have good morals so that the world will continue to work without any major interruptions – and happy endings will flourish. Then I say, â€Å"I don’t even know why Tiffany would ask me to have sex with her anyway. I mean, I’m not even an attractive guy; she’s pretty and could do a lot better than me for sure. So I’m thinking now that maybe she’s a nymphomaniac. What do you think?† â€Å"I don’t know whether she is a nymphomaniac or not,† he says. â€Å"But I do know that sometimes people say and do what they think others want them to. Maybe Tiffany really did not want to have sex with you, but only offered something she thought you would find valuable, so you would value her.† I think about his explanation for a second and then say, â€Å"So you’re saying that Tiffany thought I wanted to have sex with her?† â€Å"Not necessarily.† He grabs his chin again. â€Å"Your mother told me you came home with makeup on your shirt. Do you mind if I ask how that happened?† Reluctantly, because I don’t like to gossip, I tell him about Tiffany’s wearing her wedding ring even after her husband died, and the hugging and the crying we did in front of her parents’ house. Cliff nods and says, â€Å"It seems like Tiffany really needs a friend, and that she thought having sex with you would make you want to be her friend. But tell me again how you handled the situation.† So I tell him exactly what led us to the hug and how I let her get makeup on my Hank Baskett jersey and – â€Å"Where did you get a Hank Baskett jersey?† he asks me. â€Å"I told you. My brother gave it to me.† â€Å"That’s what you wore to the dinner party?† â€Å"Yeah, just like you told me to.† He smiles and even chuckles, which surprises me. Then he adds, â€Å"What did your friends say?† â€Å"Ronnie said that Hank Baskett is the man.† â€Å"Hank Baskett is the man. I bet he catches at least seven touchdowns this season.† â€Å"Cliff, you’re an Eagles fan?† He does the Eagles chant – â€Å"E!-A!-G!-L!-E!-S! EAGLES!† – which makes me laugh because he is my therapist and I did not know therapists could like NFL football. â€Å"Well, now that I know you too bleed green, we’ll have to talk Birds off the clock,† Cliff says. â€Å"So you really let Tiffany cry her makeup onto your brand-new Hank Baskett jersey?† â€Å"Yeah, and it’s one with stitched-on numbers, not the cheap iron-ons.† â€Å"Authentic Hank Baskett jersey!† he says. â€Å"That was certainly very kind of you, Pat. It sounds like Tiffany only really needed a hug, which you gave her because you are a nice guy.† I can’t help smiling, because I really am trying hard to be a nice guy. â€Å"Yeah, I know, but now she’s always following me all over town.† â€Å"What do you mean?† So I tell Cliff that since the dinner party, whenever I put on a trash bag and leave my house for a run, Tiffany is always waiting outside in her little running outfit and pink headband. â€Å"Very politely, I told her that I do not like running with other people and asked her to leave me alone, but she ignored my request and simply jogged five feet behind me for my entire run. The next day, she did the same thing, and she keeps on doing it. Somehow she’s figured out my schedule, and she’s always there when I leave my house an hour before sunset – ready to shadow me wherever I jog. I run fast, and she stays with me. I run on dangerous streets, and she follows. She never tires out either – and just keeps running down the street when I finally stop in front of my house. She doesn’t even say hello or goodbye.† â€Å"Why don’t you want her to follow you?† Cliff asks. So I ask him how his wife, Sonja, would feel if some hot woman shadowed him every time he went for a run. He smiles the way guys do when they are alone and talking about women in a sexual way, and then he says, â€Å"So you think Tiffany is hot?† This surprises me because I did not know therapists were allowed to talk like guys do when they are buddies, and I wonder if this means that Cliff thinks of me as his buddy now. â€Å"Sure, she’s hot,† I say. â€Å"But I’m married.† He grabs his chin and says, â€Å"How long has it been since you’ve seen Nikki?† I tell him I don’t know. â€Å"Maybe a couple of months,† I say. â€Å"Do you really believe that?† he asks, grabbing his chin again. When I say I do, I hear the yelling in my voice and even allow the f-word to slip out. Immediately I feel bad because Cliff was talking to me like a friend, and sane people should not yell and curse at their buddies. â€Å"I’m sorry,† I say when Cliff starts to look scared. â€Å"It’s okay,† he says, and forces a smile. â€Å"I should believe that you really mean what you tell me.† He scratches his head for a second and then says, â€Å"My wife loves foreign films. Do you like foreign films?† â€Å"With subtitles?† â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"I hate those types of films.† â€Å"Me too,† Cliff says. â€Å"Mostly because – â€Å" â€Å"No happy endings.† â€Å"Exactly,† Cliff says, pointing a brown finger at my face. â€Å"So depressing most of the time.† I nod wholeheartedly in agreement, even though I haven’t been to see any movies for a long time, and won’t until Nikki returns, because I am now watching the movie of my life as I live it. â€Å"My wife used to beg me to take her to see these foreign films with subtitles all the time,† Cliff says. â€Å"It seemed like every day she would ask me if we might go to see a foreign film, until I broke down and started taking her. Every Wednesday night we’d go to the Ritz movie theater and see some depressing movie. And you know what?† â€Å"What?† â€Å"After a year we simply stopped going.† â€Å"Why?† â€Å"She stopped asking.† â€Å"Why?† â€Å"I don’t know. But maybe if you take an interest in Tiffany, ask her to run with you and maybe to go out to dinner a few times – maybe after a few weeks, she will grow tired of the chase and leave you alone. Let her get what she wants, and maybe she will not want it anymore. Understand?† I do understand, but cannot help asking, â€Å"Do you think that will really work?† And Cliff shrugs in a way that makes me believe it will. How to cite The Silver Linings Playbook Chapter 13, Essay examples

Elections Essay Research Paper When examining the free essay sample

Elections Essay, Research Paper When analyzing the campaigners for the 2000 Presidential election, it becomes really clear that the lone logical pick for President is Al Gore. Gore has many programs for his presidential term that will greatly better the manner our state works and tallies. First of all, Gore wishes to reform the manner in which elections are run, and effort to break up the omnipresent nexus between money and political influence, therefore supplying more just elections. Another program of Gore s is to put aside 400 billion dollars particularly for Medicare, and to do certain the money is non used for other intents, thereby bettering the lives of both the aged and the less fortunate. In order to break the lives of all citizens and supply for more safety, Gore besides wishes to shut the alleged gun show loophole that allows consumers to short-circuit the Brady Bill. Last, to better fit the kids of today for the universe of tomorrow, Gore intends to reform instruction by supplying preschool for all kids , and doing college tuition revenue enhancement deductible. We will write a custom essay sample on Elections Essay Research Paper When examining the or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The first of Al Gore s many alterations he has in shop for our state could perchance be the most of import 1. Gore seeks to alter the very manner we decide on and elect our functionaries who run the state, and he intends to make so in a manner that ensures a more just and equal election. What is the key to this electoral equilibrium? Money. For a long clip people and political analysts have noticed a certain tendency co-occuring with a campaigner s political influence and how much money he has at his disposal. Traditionally, the campaigners with more money acquire more exposure to the populace, acquire more high influence persons and bureaus endorsing them up, and hence stop up with more ballots than those campaigners with less hard currency. Severing this nexus between political relations and money would be a fantastic alteration for our state. One of the chief ways in which Gore intends to increase equality among presidential campaigners is to censor soft money. Soft money is money contributed to a campaigner by companies or persons in order to hike their run. In topographic point of this money, Gore intends to set up a tax-exempt foundation to fund runs, thereby providing each campaigner with the same sum of money to run with as he/she pleases. This fund will accept tax-deductible contributions from companies and persons, and so give each candidate their equal portion. It is estimated that this foundation, called the Democracy Endowment, will raise 7.1 billion dollars within a seven twelvemonth period, while merely enduring a loss of 2.1 billion in revenue enhancements. This equal-endowment program will even the playing field for the campaigners, and give each an equal chance to run. In add-on to be run support, Gore supports the thought of leting each campaigner an equal sum of free air clip on telecasting to run with. This, excessively, will give each campaigner an equal opportunity to be heard, independent of how much money he/she has. These proposals, am ong his others, will assist to break up the nexus between money and political influence, change the manner elections are run, and supply for more just elections. Another major job that plagues 1000000s of Americans today is the issue if Medicare. Medicare is the authorities wellness insurance plan for the aged, and provides attention for approximately 40 million seniors yearly. In recent old ages, much attending has been called to this plan sing its coverage. The general sense is that Medicare is non adequately sing its seniors. One cause O degree Fahrenheit this diminution in coverage is the money allotted to Medicare. Many times, when other undertakings start to run over their budget, the politicians dip into the cooky jar, and take little sums here and at that place from the Medicare hoard, go forthing our seniors with less than equal medical coverage. Gore wants this to halt. His program that he wishes to implement sets aside 400 billion dollars purely for Medicare, and ensures that this money can non be used for other intents. This will intend guaranteed betterment of the medical interventions and attending those covered will have. In add-on to the 400 billion dollars, Gore has programs for a 253 billion dollar, 10 twelvemonth plan to add a prescription drug benefit to farther assistance Medicare users. These plans will decidedly better the life conditions of what is fast going the largest per centum of the American population. Gore does non halt at bettering populating conditions for the aged. He recognizes many ways of raising the quality of life for all US citizens, one of them being in the country of safety. In an attempt to do our state a safer topographic point to populate, Gore intends to shut the so called gun show loophole that basically allows consumers to purchase miscellaneous arms and pistols without waiting periods or background cheques, wholly short-circuiting the Brady Bill. A study released by the Justice Department found that criminals illicitly bought arms at gun shows in 46 per centum of the 314 instances it studied, and the arms used in the 1999 shot at Columbine High School in Colorado were purchased at a gun show in Denver. Shutting this loophole would intend fewer arms in the custodies of people who shouldn Ts have them, and hence safer topographic points to populate everyplace. It would be foolish non to ordain this alteration, hence doing it foolish non to vote for Gore. The last cardinal issue on which Gore has many great thoughts has more impact on the hereafter than any of his other programs. This issue deals with instruction. Over the last 20 old ages, disbursement on instruction has risen 62 per centum, yet we have experienced a 7 per centum diminution in registration. Surveies have shown that giving kids a good educational start in the beginning is an first-class manner to help their hereafter in the instruction section. That is exactly why Gore wants to supply preschool to all kids. Giving them a solid start in their earliest old ages instills the basic rules of behaviour and larning accomplishments necessary to be successful in the instruction system. But, of class, larning accomplishments can merely acquire you so far one time you reach the college degree. All excessively frequently, bright immature pupils do non acquire to go to college due to a deficiency of sufficient financess. This is a lending factor to the trouble of interrupting the concatenation of poorness. Gore recognizes this, and programs to do college tuition revenue enhancement deductible. This will soften the blow of tuition cheque on the lower category households, and let a greater assortment of pupils from all kinds of backgrounds to further enrich their heads. By making this, the hereafter of our state will lighten up enormously, as we will hold a battalion of new, superb heads at work everyday. Education genuinely is an investing in the hereafter, and Gore knows how to guarantee profitable returns. By analyzing these cardinal points in Gore s programs for the state, It is obvious that he has the public assistance of all citizens on his head, and that his programs would efficaciously better the manner our state runs. With that in head, Gore seems to be the lone logical pick for President of the United States.